International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics
Welcome to the International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics (IJPSE), an open-access, international, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing knowledge and promoting scholarly exchange in the fields of political science and economics. Our mission is to provide a platform for researchers, policymakers, and scholars to present and share cutting-edge research, ideas, and analysis on global political and economic issues.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING THE LAWS OF ELECTROSTATICS BASED ON MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
This article presents a systematic analysis of the fundamental laws of electrostatics, including the law of charge conservation, Coulomb’s law, electric field intensity, the superposition principle, and the Ostrogradsky–Gauss law, from the standpoint of modern electromagnetic field theory. Electrostatic phenomena are interpreted as a special (stationary) case of Maxwell’s equations, allowing their physical nature to be explained within a unified theoretical framework.
electrostatics, Maxwell’s equations, Gauss’s law, Coulomb’s law, electric field, superposition principle, physics teaching methodology.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF ALEKSANDR FAYNBERG’S POEM “PAXTAKOR – 79”
This article analyzes Aleksandr Faynberg’s poem Paxtakor–79. The study examines the harmony between football gameplay, field dramatics, and human emotions through a verse-by-verse analysis. It explores Faynberg’s literary style, the use of metaphors and personification, and the motivational and emotional aspects of sports. The poem’s depiction of players’ skills, spectators’ reactions, and the pursuit of victory are also discussed. This research allows readers to understand the aesthetic and emotional value of Faynberg’s poetry on sports.
Paxtakor–79, football poem, sports analysis, metaphor, personification, human emotions, literary style
CRIMINOLOGICAL FORECASTING IN CONTEMPORARY CRIMINAL JUSTICE
This article is devoted to the analysis of the definition of forecasting in Criminology, the significance of it in the modern world, a brief developing history of criminological prediction, methods of forecasting along with international practice. The author demonstrates the need and importance of improving legal norms related to prediction in criminology,drawing on international legal experience, the opinions of scholars, and legislative norms in the field and their analysis.
criminology, forecasting, legislation, law, predictive policing, risk assessment.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CLOUD ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS: RELIABILITY OF REPORTING AND CYBERSECURITY
The article examines the features of implementing artificial intelligence and cloud-based accounting information systems in order to enhance the reliability of financial reporting and ensure cybersecurity in the context of the digital transformation of the economy. The study is based on a systematic analysis of scientific sources and relies on the theory of sociotechnical systems, which makes it possible to comprehensively assess the interaction of technological, organizational, and human factors. It has been established that the integration of AI and cloud solutions contributes to the automation of accounting processes, improves the accuracy of financial data, and reduces the risks of fraud; however, the effectiveness of their application directly depends on the level of digital maturity of organizations, staff training, and the quality of regulatory frameworks. The study concludes that there is a need for a balanced implementation of these technologies, taking into account the socio-economic specifics of Uzbekistan.
artificial intelligence, cloud-based accounting systems, financial reporting, cybersecurity, digital transformation.
THE ROLE OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN PROJECT FINANCING IN THE BANKING SECTOR OF UZBEKISTAN: A MONTE CARLO SIMULATION-BASED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Project financing is a strategic financial instrument supporting infrastructure and industrial development in emerging economies. In Uzbekistan, banking sector reforms have expanded long-term investment activities; however, project financing remains highly exposed to macroeconomic and financial risks. This study investigates the role of risk management in project financing in Uzbekistan’s banking sector using a Monte Carlo simulation framework. A stochastic model incorporating exchange rate volatility, inflation dynamics, interest rate variability, and operational risk parameters was developed. Based on 10,000 simulation iterations, the findings indicate that currency risk represents the most influential determinant of negative Net Present Value (NPV) outcomes. The results confirm that deterministic risk assessment models underestimate downside risk by approximately 18%. The study recommends integrating advanced stochastic modeling into banking risk management systems to enhance financial sustainability and regulatory compliance.
Project finance; Risk management; Monte Carlo simulation; Banking sector of Uzbekistan; Financial modeling; Exchange rate risk; NPV volatility; Basel principles.
METHODS OF SOLVING COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS IN MARRIED COUPLES
This article is devoted to the study of methods for identifying communication problems that arise in married couples and effectively solving them. The article focuses on misunderstandings, conflicts in communication between couples and their causes. The article also describes constructive communication strategies, active listening, empathy and conflict resolution techniques. The recommendations obtained help couples strengthen mutual trust, respect and emotional intimacy. The results of the study show that developing communication skills and using effective communication strategies are important in creating family stability and a positive psychological environment.
married couple, communication problems, communication strategies, conflict resolution, emotional intimacy, mutual trust, psychological stability.
TARGET-ORIENTED TOURISM GOVERNANCE IN UZBEKISTAN AND THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
Tourism has become one of the most strategically significant and rapidly developing sectors of Uzbekistan’s national economy. Since 2016, the Republic of Uzbekistan has launched a large-scale reform agenda aimed at strengthening tourism governance, improving infrastructure, liberalizing visa procedures, and diversifying tourism services. This article examines the targeted objectives and priority directions of Uzbekistan’s state tourism policy based on key presidential decrees and sectoral reforms. The study employs qualitative policy analysis combined with descriptive statistical interpretation of tourism development indicators for 2018–2022. The findings demonstrate that tourism reforms contributed to increased institutional efficiency, growth of tourism enterprises, expansion of accommodation facilities, and the introduction of broad visa liberalization measures. However, the results also reveal persistent constraints, including seasonal infrastructure shortages, insufficient transport coordination, and weak tourism marketing mechanisms. The research concludes that the future sustainability of tourism development in Uzbekistan depends on accelerated digital transformation, improved regulatory mechanisms, stronger international promotion strategies, and intensified cooperation between the state and private sector.
tourism policy, Uzbekistan, institutional reforms, tourism infrastructure, visa liberalization, tourism diversification, investment incentives.
DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE CHANNEL WHEEL OF THE MACHINE FOR PREPARING SOIL FOR SOWING SMALL SEEDS.
This article discusses the structure, operating process, changes in the distance between the rods, and determining the diameter and parameters of the roller for preparing soil for sowing small seeds. In addition, information is provided on the purpose and manufacture of the roller.
Soil, roller, harrow, rod, seed, clod, penetration depth, layer.
Juraev Asliddin Nasriddin ugli,Juraev Fazliddin Urinovich,Savriddinov Abrorjon Anvar ugli,
IMPROVING THE USE OF STATE CONCESSIONAL FINANCING MECHANISMS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.
This article explores the concepts of “sustainable agriculture”, the factors driving sustainable agricultural development, and the value chain and financing in the agricultural sector. It examines aspects of agricultural insurance and government subsidies, mechanisms for reimbursing agricultural premiums, the role of human capital and innovation transfer, and the recruitment of foreign specialists and reimbursement of their services. Specific proposals for financing sustainable agricultural development are also presented.
sustainable agriculture; factors of sustainable agricultural development; preferential loan; financial indicators; public-private partnership; investment policy; agricultural insurance; subsidy; technology consulting; green bonds.
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF CONSULTATIVE MEETINGS OF THE LEADERS OF CENTRAL ASIAN STATES IN CENTRAL ASIAN INTEGRATION
This article analyzes the current stage of regional integration processes in Central Asia, with particular emphasis on the role and significance of the Consultative Meetings of the Heads of State of Central Asia. These meetings are considered as a flexible and informal mechanism for promoting regional cooperation, enhancing political dialogue, expanding economic interaction, and strengthening regional security. The study concludes that this format plays a significant role in building mutual trust, aligning national interests, and shaping a sustainable model of regional integration in Central Asia.
Central Asia, regional integration, consultative meetings, political dialogue, economic cooperation, regional security.
Dilrabo Sadikova,Yashinov Umarbek Uktamovich,Boliyev Shoxro‘z Alisher o‘g‘li
GREEN PROJECTS WITHIN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
This article examines green projects implemented within international cooperation frameworks as a key mechanism for strengthening environmental protection in Uzbekistan. It systematizes the roles of major international programs and institutions—including UNDP, GEF, GCF, GGGI, the World Bank, the EU LIFE Programme, and ADB—by outlining their thematic priorities and ongoing national projects. The study highlights how external technical, financial, and institutional support contributes to Uzbekistan’s green transformation through land degradation neutrality, water-awareness initiatives, climate-resilient infrastructure, renewable energy expansion, and improved waste management. Particular attention is paid to diversified financing models (grants, concessional loans, and innovative instruments such as green bonds/green sukuk) and to coordination mechanisms that enhance project governance, monitoring, and reporting. The findings emphasize that adapting international best practices to local climatic, infrastructural, and socio-economic conditions increases effectiveness and ensures measurable ecological outcomes, including reduced CO₂ emissions, improved water-use efficiency, expanded protected areas, and strengthened environmental monitoring capacities. Overall, international green cooperation is presented as both an environmental policy tool and a strategic element of Uzbekistan’s sustainable development and environmental diplomacy.
international cooperation; green projects; environmental protection; Uzbekistan; sustainable development; climate finance; Green Climate Fund (GCF); Global Environment Facility (GEF); UNDP; renewable energy; land degradation neutrality; water resource management; green bonds; green sukuk; environmental monitoring. International environmental programs and green projects have today become key instruments of environmental protection at the level of global policy. They are among the main mechanisms that strengthen cooperation between countries in the processes of sustainable development, combating climate change, conserving biodiversity, and transitioning to a green economy. Worldwide, such initiatives are implemented by many international organizations, financial institutions, and regional alliances. Among the most influential are the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the European Union’s LIFE Programme, the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI).
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICE SECTOR
In this article, we have considered the importance of digital technologies in the effective development of the service sector. We have assessed the importance of the territorial approach in assessing the development of the service sector in the context of the digitalization of the economy of our country. We have also provided our proposals and recommendations for the implementation of integrated approaches to the development of the service sector in the digital economy in the regions.
digital economy, provision of services, digital service, economic activity, digital technologies, services, market services.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM: SOLVING PROBLEMS ABOUT SOLUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
This article examines problem-solving approaches for linear programming with a specific focus on the structure of feasible solutions and the analytical properties that determine optimality. The study systematizes classical and modern methods used to solve linear programming problems, including geometric interpretation, simplex-based procedures, and analytical verification of solution validity. Particular attention is given to the characterization of feasible regions, boundary behavior, extreme points, and the conditions under which optimal solutions exist or become degenerate or multiple. Through representative problem cases, the paper demonstrates how theoretical properties influence algorithmic performance and decision-making accuracy in practical applications. The discussion emphasizes logical rigor in modeling, sensitivity to constraints, and the interpretation of solution sets within real optimization contexts. The results contribute to a clearer understanding of how structural properties of linear models guide both solution selection and evaluation, offering a coherent framework suitable for educational, analytical, and applied optimization tasks.
Linear programming; optimization models; feasible region; extreme point; simplex method; optimal solution; degeneracy; duality; constraint analysis; mathematical optimization.
PERFORMING PRACTICAL TASKS ON THE NUMERICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RANDOM VARIABLES
This article focuses on the practical application of numerical characteristics of random variables within probability theory and statistics. The study aims to strengthen theoretical understanding through the solution and analysis of applied tasks related to expectation, variance, standard deviation, and other descriptive measures used for quantitative evaluation of uncertainty. Special attention is given to interpreting these characteristics in real problem-solving contexts rather than treating them as purely theoretical constructs. The results show that systematic practice with numerical characteristics improves comprehension of probabilistic models and enhances the ability to analyze uncertain processes in applied fields such as economics, engineering, and data analysis. The article contributes to educational methodology by presenting a clear framework for integrating theoretical concepts with practical problem solving, making the material suitable for both academic instruction and самостоятель analytical work.
random variable; numerical characteristics; mathematical expectation; variance; standard deviation; probability distribution; applied probability; statistical analysis; stochastic modelling; practical tasks
COMPLETE PRACTICAL TASKS ON RANDOM VARIABLES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS
This paper presents a practice-oriented study of random variables and their distribution functions with an emphasis on applied problem solving. The work focuses on translating theoretical probability concepts into structured analytical tasks that develop statistical thinking and modeling skills. Discrete and continuous random variables are examined through practical exercises involving probability mass functions, probability density functions, cumulative distribution functions, and key numerical characteristics such as expectation, variance, and standard deviation. Special attention is given to interpreting distribution behavior, selecting appropriate models for real-world situations, and verifying results through logical consistency and mathematical justification. The study also demonstrates how distribution functions serve as a unifying framework for comparing different probabilistic models and supporting data-driven decision making. By combining theoretical rigor with systematic practical tasks, the paper aims to strengthen methodological understanding and improve the ability to apply probability tools in academic and applied contexts. The results highlight the pedagogical value of problem-based practice in mastering stochastic concepts and forming a solid foundation for further study in statistics, data analysis, and quantitative research.
Random variable; Probability distribution; Distribution function; Cumulative distribution function; Discrete distribution; Continuous distribution; Expected value; Variance; Probability modeling; Applied probability problems.
CONDUCT RESEARCH ON THE FORMULATION AND SOLUTION OF TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS
This study examines the formulation and solution approaches of the transportation problem as a fundamental model within operations research and optimization theory. The research focuses on the mathematical structure of the transportation model, its practical relevance in logistics and resource allocation, and the comparative efficiency of classical and modern solution methods. The transportation problem is analyzed as a special case of linear programming aimed at minimizing total transportation cost while satisfying supply and demand constraints. The research additionally discusses practical limitations encountered in real transportation systems, including unbalanced models, degeneracy, and dynamic changes in demand and supply. Special attention is given to the role of algorithmic efficiency and decision accuracy in large-scale transport planning. The findings highlight that the choice of initial feasible solution and optimization strategy significantly affects computational performance and overall solution quality. The study contributes to a clearer methodological understanding of transportation model construction and provides a structured analytical framework that can be applied in logistics management, production planning, and supply chain optimization.
Transportation problem; operations research; linear programming; optimization methods; cost minimization; Vogel’s Approximation Method; MODI method; logistics optimization; resource allocation; transport modeling.
THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATION: SYNERGY OF HUMAN AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The article explores the evolution of the modern educator's role in the context of the digital transformation of education. The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies into the learning process necessitates a rethinking of traditional teacher-student relationships. The study analyzes the synergy between human intelligence and AI as a key factor in enhancing educational quality. The author substantiates the need for developing new teacher competencies, including AI literacy, emotional intelligence, and mentoring functions. The findings of the article provide recommendations for maintaining a balance between technology and the human element in education.
educational transformation, digital pedagogy, artificial intelligence, synergy, teacher competencies, adaptive learning, human intelligence.
IMPROVING PRIVATE EQUITY ANALYSIS IN JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES
IMPROVEMENT OF DEPOSIT OPERATIONS THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN THE BANKING SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
the article examines the directions for improving deposit operations of commercial banks in the Republic of Uzbekistan based on the analysis of foreign experience. Modern models of forming banks’ resource base, mechanisms for diversifying the deposit portfolio, and tools for enhancing the stability of attracted funds are explored. Particular attention is given to the adaptation of combined deposit products, digital tools for deposit management, and the integration of Islamic financial models through the Islamic windows mechanism. Practical recommendations for modernizing the deposit policy of national banks are developed.
deposit operations, resource base, foreign experience, banking stability, diversification, Islamic windows, financial inclusion.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN FUNDRAISING FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE AND ARTS
The article presents guidelines based on modern methods for increasing the audience of cultural centers, providing them with useful and beneficial offers, and providing cultural services that meet the demand, through fundraising, a field that is widely used in the culture and art sectors of developed countries of the world and has a positive impact on attracting external investors to implement local projects and activities that meet today’s requirements.
culture and art, “fundraising”, money, project, investment, partner, communication, efficiency, problems.
Nilufar Maratova,Moʻminmirzo Xolmoʻminov
THE ROLE OF MODERN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN CHILDREN
This work extensively covers the role of modern computer technologies and artificial intelligence in the treatment of respiratory diseases in children. The study analyzes the relevance of respiratory diseases, the importance of digital diagnostic systems, telemedicine and artificial intelligence-based analysis methods in their early detection and effective treatment. In addition, the possibilities of increasing the accuracy of diagnosis with the help of artificial intelligence, individualizing the treatment process and predicting disease complications were considered. The results of the work show that modern technologies in pediatrics It shows that it is an important tool in increasing treatment efficiency, saving time and resources, and protecting children's health.
THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF SEPSIS
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition resulting from the body's extreme response to infection. Early diagnosis is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. Inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukins, play a vital role in the early identification and management of sepsis. This study investigates the diagnostic value of these biomarkers in patients with suspected sepsis in intensive care units (ICUs).
Sepsis, Procalcitonin, CRP, Interleukin-6, Inflammatory biomarkers, Early diagnosis
EFFECTIVE WAYS TO UTILIZE AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL OR STRATEGIES FOR THE EFFICIENT USE OF AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations, practical aspects, and future development prospects of effectively utilizing agricultural potential in the conditions of Uzbekistan. Key areas such as the rational use of water resources in the agricultural sector, agro-industrial clusters, digital technologies, and workforce training are scientifically evaluated. The findings demonstrate the necessity of a comprehensive approach to ensure the sustainable and competitive development of agriculture.
agriculture, agrarian sector, efficiency, innovation, food security, resource utilization, clusters.
Khudoyberdiyev Muhammad Norkobil ugli, Umarov Muzaffar Yusupboevich
THE ECONOMIC ESSENCE OF THE WASTE RECYCLING SECTOR. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This article describes waste and its generation, the global experience in recycling hazardous waste, and methods for its neutralization. It also provides information on measures for preventing waste generation.
waste, waste recycling, solid and municipal waste, secondary raw materials.
Khudoyberdiyev Muhammad Norkobil ugli, Umarov Muzaffar Yusupboevich, Valiyev Bobur Batirovich
CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL MARKETING AND SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
This article examines the development and implementation of new technologies to improve the relationship between sellers and buyers in the market, the maximum use of IT technologies, the introduction of new technologies, the analysis of market competition and the assessment of financial risks, what marketing tools are used to communicate with customers and obtain information about their requirements and wishes, and the methods by which enterprises present their image to different market segments.
Industrial enterprises, market, competition, demand, segment, technology, assessment, strategy.
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PHENOMENON AND ITS ROLE IN SOCIETY
This article examines the concept of social entrepreneurship, emphasizing its significance in contemporary society. It explores the role social enterprises play in addressing social challenges, promoting community development, and fostering sustainable economic growth. Additionally, the study provides practical recommendations for enhancing the development of social entrepreneurship in Uzbekistan, aiming to create favorable conditions for social innovation, support for socially oriented initiatives, and increased engagement of businesses in solving societal problems.
social economy, social problems, socially needy categories of the population, social goods, social services, activities in the social sphere, social entrepreneurship, social enterprise.
Aziza Tokhirovna Akhmedova, Abdumazhidov Shokhzhakhon
THE ROLE OF THE SERVICE SECTOR IN UZBEKISTAN’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS
This study investigates the role of the service sector in Uzbekistan amid its socio-economic development and transition toward a post-industrial society. The research identifies the sector’s contribution to GDP, employment, household consumption, and its impact on the Human Development Index (HDI). Findings reveal that although Uzbekistan’s service sector is expanding, it lags behind developed countries in income generation, consumption patterns, and overall HDI growth. The article underscores the importance of accelerating service sector development and increasing household incomes to enhance living standards and achieve sustainable socio-economic progress.
service sector; post-industrial society; human development index; household consumption; socio-economic development; income growth.
This article substantiates that the development of green tourism is an effective tool for preventing and mitigating negative consequences arising from the rapid growth of the tourism industry. Tourism is recognized as a key strategic sector of Uzbekistan's national economy, engaging all four market participants: the state, households, entrepreneurs, and consumers.
green economy, tourism, tourism industry, tourism services, green tourism, ecotourism, environmental safety.
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS AND ECONOMETRIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
This paper develops a comprehensive econometric analysis of Heibei Evershine LLC—one of the rapidly growing textile enterprises operating under Uzbekistan's contemporary transition toward a green and sustainable industrial model. Using firm-level production and cost data (2019–2024), we estimate three complementary econometric specifications: a Cobb–Douglas production function, a total cost function, and a profit-margin model. The empirical estimates shed light on how labor, capital, raw materials, and electricity consumption statistically shape output levels and firm profitability. Building on these results, three alternative forecasting scenarios are developed for the 2025–2027 period. The findings are then examined within the framework of sustainable management, illustrating the ways in which improved resource efficiency, environmentally oriented modernization, and internal operational restructuring can enhance economic performance while simultaneously lowering environmental pressure.
econometric analysis, Cobb–Douglas production function, cost structure, profit margins, forecasting scenarios, sustainable management, green economy.
BACTERIOPHAGES AND THEIR ROLE IN DETERMINING BACTERIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY
Bacteriophages, viruses that specifically infect bacteria, play a critical role in microbiology, particularly in determining bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. By attaching to bacterial surfaces and injecting their genetic material, bacteriophages can lyse bacterial cells or alter their physiology, providing a natural mechanism for controlling bacterial populations. Phage susceptibility testing has emerged as a valuable tool for identifying effective bacteriophages against pathogenic strains, informing phage therapy, and guiding antibiotic selection. Understanding the interactions between bacteriophages and bacteria is crucial for developing alternative treatments for antibiotic-resistant infections and advancing precision medicine in infectious disease management [1,2].
bacteriophages, bacterial susceptibility, phage therapy, antibiotic resistance, microbial infections, host-pathogen interaction.