THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN CALIPHATE AND THE PROCESS OF SECULARIZATION IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD UNDER WESTERN INFLUENCE
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This article analyzes the political decline of the Ottoman Caliphate and the processes of secularization that emerged in the Islamic world under the influence of Western imperial expansion from the late 18th to the early 20th century. It examines the impact of the Küçük Kaynarca Treaty, the incorporation of Muslim territories into Western empires, the rise of Pan-Islamism, and the policies of Sultan Abdulhamid II. The study highlights how the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924 marked the beginning of a new era characterized by the formation of nation-states in the Muslim world, drawing on relevant historical sources.
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