SHOT PUT IN ATHLETICS

Abstract

Shot put is one of the most complex and strength-oriented disciplines within athletics, requiring an optimal integration of explosive muscular power, neuromuscular coordination, technical precision, and biomechanical efficiency. The performance outcome is determined by the magnitude of the impulse generated during the delivery phase and the efficiency of force transmission through the kinetic chain - from the lower limbs to the upper extremities.

This study examines the historical evolution, kinematic structure, and physiological determinants of shot put performance. It explores how mechanical variables such as release velocity, projection angle, and height affect the parabolic flight of the shot, while biomechanical optimization ensures maximal horizontal displacement. Furthermore, the paper analyzes training methodologies emphasizing periodization, strength-power balance, muscle fiber recruitment (Type IIb predominance), and specific neuromuscular adaptations.

Contemporary training approaches integrate resistance and plyometric exercises, motion analysis technologies, and biomechanical feedback systems to refine technical execution and enhance motor control. In conclusion, shot put performance represents the synthesis of advanced biomechanical technique and physiological adaptation, reflecting the athlete’s ability to convert explosive strength into precisely directed kinetic energy.