AUTOIMMUNE AND FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND: MODERN CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
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Abstract
The thyroid gland (TG) is an iodine-containing endocrine organ responsible for the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones, which regulate the activity of numerous other hormonal systems through complex feedback mechanisms. Thyroid hormones exert profound effects on general metabolism and play a crucial role in the growth, differentiation, and functional maturation of virtually all organs and tissues.
Primarily, thyroid hormones stimulate thermogenesis, enhance oxygen consumption in tissues, and intensify oxidative processes throughout the body. At physiological concentrations, they promote intracellular protein synthesis, whereas excessive levels accelerate catabolic (dissimilatory) processes. Thyroid hormones are also essential for maintaining both cellular and humoral immunity and contribute significantly to tissue regeneration at the cellular level. Therefore, the normal function of the thyroid gland is fundamental to maintaining overall systemic health.
Disorders associated with hyperfunction or hypofunction of the thyroid gland manifest with a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms due to disturbances in the biological effects of thyroid hormones (Rusanova, 2021; Pörings & Lowin, 2019).
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